Gulo Gulo Is The Scientific Name For Which Animal?

Geographic Range

Wolverines are constitute in North America and northern Eurasia, in the boreal zone of the northern hemisphere. They require large expanses of relatively undisturbed, boreal habitat. Wolverines are establish in Scandinavia and Russia to 50 degrees North breadth. In North America they are found in Alaska and northern Canada, but tin can also be establish in mountainous regions along the Pacific Coast as far south as the Sierras of California. Historically, wolverines were found in more than southerly areas of Europe and North America, merely these populations were extirpated mainly due to hunting, immigration of forests, and other human activities. Their distribution one time extended every bit far south as Colorado, Indiana, and Pennsylvania in North America. ("Alaska Fish and Wildlife Service", 2007; "United States Fish and Wild fauna Service", 2008; Abramov and Wozencraft, 2008; "Alaska Fish and Wildlife Service", 2007; "United States Fish and Wildlife Service", 2008; "Wolverine", 2009; Abramov and Wozencraft, 2008; Burt, 1948; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• nearctic
  • native
• palearctic
  • native

• holarctic

Habitat

Wolverines are plant in alpine forests, tundra, open grasslands, and boreal shrub transition zones at or above timberline. Generally they live in areas with depression human development and need large, undisturbed ranges in social club to survive. During the wintertime, females construct nests to shop food and hide young. They construct rough beds of grass or leaves in caves or rock crevices, in burrows made by other animals, or under a fallen tree. They occasionally construct their nests under the snow. Wolverines are plant exclusively in areas with cold climates, which may exist related to their reliance on scavenging and caching large fauna prey. Common cold weather helps preserve the meat for later use. ("Encyclopedia Britannica", 2009; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; "Usa Fish and Wildlife Service", 2008; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995; Roel, et al., 2006; Ruggiero, et al., 2007)

• temperate
• polar
• terrestrial

• tundra
• taiga
• forest
• mountains

Physical Clarification

Wolverines are one of the largest members of the family Mustelidae and are unmistakable in advent. They are terrestrial mammals with trunk lengths of 65 to 105 cm, tail lengths of xiii to 26 cm, and shoulder heights of 36 to 45 cm. Wolverines weigh from 9 to 30 kg, females are mostly smaller than males by almost x% in linear measurements and thirty% in weight. They have short, powerful limbs and 5 toes on each mitt. They use a semi-plantigrade form of locomotion, with their weight primarily on their metatarsals. This distributes weight meliorate and can be useful when traveling and hunting in snow. On hard basis, ungulates tin can outrun wolverines. In snow, wolverines are less likely to sink in and can often catch much larger animals that become immobilized in deep snow. Wolverine fur is usually brownish or brownish-black, with a yellowish or gold stripe extending from the crown of the head laterally across each shoulder and to the rump, where the stripes join at the tail. Wolverines take a stocky appearance, with a robust body, curt, powerful limbs, a large head, and minor, rounded ears. They have abrupt claws that are semi-retractable and a very powerful bite, with which they crush bone. They are rarely seen by humans because of their depression population densities and the remote terrain in which they live. ("Alaska Fish and Wild fauna Service", 2007; "Encyclopedia Britannica", 2009; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; "Us Fish and Wildlife Service", 2008; Burt, 1948; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

There are two subspecies of wolverines: North American wolverines (Yard. gulo luscus) and European wolverines (1000. gulo gulo). Differences seem to be mainly genetic and probably as a result of the isolation of these two continental populations. Some other possible subspecies on Vancouver Island, Canada: G. gulo vancouverensis. This population has skull morphology differences with those establish on the mainland, but their status has however to be decided. ("Alaska Fish and Wildlife Service", 2007; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; "United States Fish and Wildlife Service", 2008; Burt, 1948; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• endothermic
• homoiothermic
• bilateral symmetry

• male person larger

• Range mass

  ix to 30 kg

  nineteen.82 to 66.08 lb

• Range length

  65 to 105 cm

  25.59 to 41.34 in

• Average basal metabolic rate

  31.765 W

  AnAge

Reproduction

Wolverines are more often than not alone animals. Males and females come together simply briefly for mating, from May to August. Males have large dwelling house ranges, encompassing the home ranges of several females. Males may mate with each female in their home range and sometimes those in overlapping ranges. Males and females remain together for several days. Females may also mate with members of unlike dwelling house ranges, merely litters are ordinarily fathered past one male. Males fiercely defend their territory past marking information technology with aroma from their anal gland. ("Alaska Fish and Wild animals Service", 2007; Burt, 1948; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• polygynous

Female wolverines mate every other yr. Mating occurs from May to August, with most females existence in heat from June to August. Males remain near females during the breeding flavor, just females initiate copulation. Like many other mustelids, ovulation is believed to be induced by copulation and the embryo is not implanted immediately, but rather waits in diapause for about 6 months. After implantation, gestation takes only some other 30 to 50 days. With delayed implantation, pregnancy tin can final from 120 to 272 days depending on when the embryo is fertilized and when it implants. Females build snow-dens in which they give birth and nurse. The litter is unremarkably born between January and April and averages iii kits, weighing 85 g each. Weaning is complete at 3 months and the young begin foraging on their own at 5 to 7 months, when they go independent. Developed size is attained at around 1 year and sexual maturity at 2 to three years old. Wolverines require snowfall cover that persists through leap so that nutrient can be cached until the kits are large enough to being foraging on their own. ("AnAge: The Animal Aging and Longevity Database", 2005; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; "Wolverine", 2009; Abramov and Wozencraft, 2008; Lofroth, et al., 2007; Nowak, 1999; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• iteroparous
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual
• viviparous
• delayed implantation

• Breeding interval

  Females requite birth in alternating years.

• Breeding season

  Breeding occurs from May to August.

• Range number of offspring

  1 to v

• Average number of offspring

  3

  AnAge

• Range gestation period

  120 to 272 days

• Average weaning historic period

  3 months

• Average time to independence

  1 years

• Average historic period at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)

  710 days

• Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female person)
  Sex: female

  710 days

  AnAge

• Average historic period at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)

  776 days

• Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
  Sex: male

  776 days

  AnAge

Females requite birth to a litter of around 3 kits in a snowfall den. After females give birth they hibernate with their immature. The mother defends her territory and intruders are not tolerated. This territorial behavior continues until the young are ready to chase on their ain. Young remain with their female parent until the fall of the year they were born, when they disperse. Females mate again in the following year, giving nativity to young in the 2d yr after the previous litter. Females may help to railroad train their young in hunting techniques earlier they disperse. ("Alaska Fish and Wild fauna Service", 2007; "AnAge: The Animate being Aging and Longevity Database", 2005; "Encyclopedia Britannica", 2009; "Wolverine", 2009; Copeland, 1996; Lofroth, et al., 2007; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• altricial
• pre-fertilization
  • provisioning
  • protecting
    • female person
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female person
• pre-independence
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female

Lifespan/Longevity

In the wild, wolverines generally live for 5 to 7 years just some tin live up to 13 years. Females in captivity have bred up to ten years old and alive up to 17 years. The main causes of death are starvation, beingness killed by competitors (such as wolves), and trapping. ("Alaska Fish and Wild fauna Service", 2007; "AnAge: The Animal Aging and Longevity Database", 2005; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; Abramov and Wozencraft, 2008; Nowak, 1999; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• Range lifespan
  Status: wild

  13 (high) years

• Range lifespan
  Status: captivity

  17 (high) years

• Typical lifespan
  Status: wild

  5 to seven years

• Average lifespan
  Status: captivity

  eighteen.0 years

  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research

• Average lifespan
  Status: captivity

  17.three years

  Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research

Behavior

In general, wolverines are solitary, only coming together to mate. They are territorial and do non tolerate individuals of the same sexual activity. Territories are marked with secretions from anal smell glands and urine. Wolverines also spray their nutrient caches with scent gland secretions to discourage other animals from raiding them. They are nocturnal merely can be active during the day. In areas where at that place are extended times of low-cal or darkness, wolverines may alternate three- to iv-60 minutes periods of activity and sleep. Wolverines practise non announced to be bothered by snowfall and are active twelvemonth-round, even in the most astringent weather. Wolverines are known for their ferocity and have been known to attack black bears and wolves over food. Wolverines are mainly terrestrial and move with a loping gallop. They can climb trees with great speed and are fantabulous swimmers. Wolverines gallop with swell endurance, sometimes moving 10 to 15 km without rest, although their speed probably does not exceed xv km per hour. They may cover up to 45 km in one day in their activities. Play has been observed between mates and betwixt siblings also every bit between kits and their mothers. Wolverines are also known to play with objects. ("Alaska Fish and Wildlife Service", 2007; "AnAge: The Animal Crumbling and Longevity Database", 2005; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; "The states Fish and Wildlife Service", 2008; "Wolverine", 2009; Burt, 1948; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• terricolous
• diurnal
• nocturnal
• motile
• sedentary
• lonely

• Range territory size

  600 to 2000 km^2

Home Range

Wolverines take large home ranges and may defend smaller territories. Males have home ranges of 600 to k square kilometers. Female home ranges are l to 350 square kilometers. Although, home range size varies seasonally and home ranges tin cover as much as two,000 sq km in winter. Males and females defend their range and marking information technology with odor from their anal glands. Population densities of wolverines are low because of their requirements for very large home ranges. ("Us Fish and Wildlife Service", 2008; "Wolverine", 2009; Abramov and Wozencraft, 2008; Burt, 1948; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

Communication and Perception

Like most mustelids, wolverines have anal odour glands which are used to marking territories and food caches. Due to their scavenging lifestyle, they have an advanced sense of smell. Wolverines too have good hearing, merely likely have poor vision. Wolverines are rarely song, except for occasional grunts and growls when irritated. ("Encyclopedia Britannica", 2009; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; Lofroth, et al., 2007; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• acoustic
• chemical

• scent marks

• visual
• tactile
• acoustic
• chemical

Food Habits

The wolverine diet tin include anything from small eggs to large ungulates. They are capable of bringing down casualty that is 5 times bigger than themselves, merely mostly only nether conditions that leave large ungulate prey stranded in deep snow. They take large claws with pads on the feet that let them to chase down casualty in deep snow. Large ungulate prey species include reindeer, roe deer, wild sheep, elk or red deer, maral and moose. Wolverines can be very swift when on the attack, reaching speeds of over 48 km an hour. Large prey are killed by biting the back or front of the neck, severing neck tendons or burdensome the trachea. Wolverines are opportunistic and their diet vary with flavour and location. They are also specialized for scavenging and will readily take over carcasses that have been killed by other large predators. Wolverines are extremely strong and ambitious for their size, they have been reported to bulldoze bears, cougars, and even packs of wolves from their kills in order to take the carcass. They take besides been reported scavenging whale, walrus, and seal carcasses. Female wolverines may hunt more small to medium-sized animals such as rabbits and hares, ground squirrels, marmots, and lemmings, when they are rearing young. The corporeality of nutrient bachelor to females may exist cardinal in determining population size; more food leads to greater reproductive success. The scientific proper name Gulo gulo comes from the latin word for glutton. Like other mustelids, they tin can be somewhat driven to kill when given the opportunity, resulting in them killing more than prey than they can eat or cache. Wolverines accept been known to kill large numbers of captive reindeer in deep snowfall, but because the reindeer cannot escape. ("The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; "Wolverine", 2009; "Alaska Fish and Wildlife Service", 2007; "Encyclopedia Britannica", 2009; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; "United States Fish and Wild animals Service", 2008; "Wolverine", 2009; Burt, 1948; Lofroth, et al., 2007; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• carnivore
  • eats terrestrial vertebrates
  • scavenger
• omnivore

• birds
• mammals
• eggs
• feces

• stores or caches food

Predation

Wolverines accept few, if any, natural predators. They are tearing and aggressive, able to defend themselves against animals several times their size, such as wolves and mount lions. However, wolves, mount lions, black bears, dark-brown bears, and golden eagles can exist threats to young or inexperienced wolverines. Wolves are the dominant predator of wolverines, only by and large only under circumstances where the wolverine cannot escape by climbing a tree. Wolverines employ scents from their anal gland and urine to aroma-mark nutrient caches, discouraging other predators. ("Alaska Fish and Wild animals Service", 2007; "The states Fish and Wildlife Service", 2008; Lofroth, et al., 2007; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

• Known Predators

  • wolves (Canis lupus)
  • mountain lions (Puma concolor)
  • black bears (Ursus americanus)
  • brown bears (Ursus arctos)
  • gilded eagles (Aquila chrysaetos)

Ecosystem Roles

Wolverines are scavengers, using the kills of larger predators, such as bear and wolves. Wolverines have few (if any) natural predators, and prey on large game and smaller animals. Wolverines are reliant on other big predators for food when snowfall conditions don't make it possible for them to hunt big casualty themselves. The presence of wolverine urine discourages presence and feeding of blackness-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Wolverines are parasitized past many kinds of endo and ectoparasites, including flukes (Opisthorchis felineus), tapeworms (Bothriocephalus, Taenia twitchelli, Mesocestoides kirbyi), roundworms (Dioctophyme renale, Soboliphyme baturini), trematodes (Alaria), nematodes (Trichinella spiralis, Molineus patens, Ascaris devosi, Physaloptera torquata, Physaloptera sibrica), ticks (Dermacentor variabilis), fleas (Oropsylla alaskensis, and ear herpes mites (Otodectes cynotis). ("Alaska Fish and Wild fauna Service", 2007; "The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; Burt, 1948; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995)

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Wolverine are sometimes hunted for their fur considering information technology is prized for its frost resistant properties. Native peoples used them to line parkas. However, their skins are no longer used widely in commerce. Wolverines are as well important members of the ecosystems in which they live, they are important as top predators and scavengers. ("Alaska Fish and Wildlife Service", 2007; "United States Fish and Wild fauna Service", 2008; Burt, 1948)

• body parts are source of valuable material

Economical Importance for Humans: Negative

Wolverines live in remote areas where homo populations are thin. Many wolverines are shot due to their habit of preying upon animals that are trapped for fur. They have been extensively hunted in Scandinavia because of its alleged predation on domestic reindeer. It has been considered a nuisance throughout its range because it will swallow animals already caught in fur traps and will break into cabins and nutrient caches, eating and spraying the contents with its strong scent. Wolverines can even break into canned goods with their sharp canines. Wolverines are supposedly very difficult to trap; when a wolverine finds a trap, it may spring it by turning it upside downwardly or by dropping a stick into it. Wolverines have also been known to carry traps away and coffin them deep in the snow. ("The Wolverine Foundation", 2006; Abramov and Wozencraft, 2008; Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere, 1995; Roel, et al., 2006)

• injures humans
• crop pest

Conservation Status

Wolverines more often than not occur at relatively low population densities and have vanished from most of their former range in the Us. In Scandinavia, estimates vary from 1 individual per 200 to 500 sq km. Encroaching human populations alter the abundance and habits of large ungulates, eliminate large predator populations, or kill wolverines straight. Numbers have declined due to fur trapping and hunting past those assertive the wolverine to be a nuisance. In Russian federation, wolverines are a game species and all-encompassing overhunting has led to population decline. In the United States, wolverines tin can merely be harvested in Montana and Alaska. Wolverines have been virtually eliminated in the Us and take disappeared over about of southeastern and s-cardinal Canada. In Europe, they can only exist found now in parts of Scandinavia and northern Russia. Wolverines are heed by the IUCN every bit Least Business organization, though the European populations are at college risk. Conservation efforts include education, protecting habitat, and eliminating unregulated hunting. In Sweden farmers and herders are compensated for identifying dens and reporting them. Other Scandinavian countries take adopted measures to limit the corporeality of wolverines in reindeer herding areas through selected hunting. ("United States Fish and Wildlife Service", 2008; Abramov and Wozencraft, 2008; Roel, et al., 2006)

• IUCN Cherry-red List

  Least Concern
  More data

• IUCN Red List

  Least Business concern
  More information

• U.s. Federal List

  No special condition

• CITES

  No special status

Despite the fact that wolverines have been claimed as an emblematic fauna by the country of Michigan ("The Wolverine State"), evidence suggests that wolverines did not historically occur there. The "Wolverine State" appelation most likely came from the fact that Detroit was a major fur trading post for wolverine trappers. Wolverines are also known as glutton, skunk bear, Indian devil, and carcajou. ("Alaska Fish and Wildlife Service", 2007; Burt, 1948)

Contributors

Liz Ballenger (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Matthew Sygo (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.

Vincent Patsy (author), Academy of Michigan-Ann Arbor.

Phil Myers (editor, teacher), Museum of Zoology, Academy of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.

Glossary

Nearctic

living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New Earth. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the Due north American equally far south every bit the highlands of cardinal United mexican states.

Palearctic

living in the northern office of the Quondam Earth. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.

audio-visual

uses sound to communicate

altricial

young are built-in in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a flow of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.

bilateral symmetry

having torso symmetry such that the animate being can be divided in one plane into two mirror-prototype halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry accept dorsal and ventral sides, likewise equally inductive and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.

carnivore

an fauna that mainly eats meat

carrion

mankind of dead animals.

chemical

uses smells or other chemicals to communicate

delayed implantation

in mammals, a condition in which a fertilized egg reaches the uterus just delays its implantation in the uterine lining, sometimes for several months.

diurnal

1. active during the day, two. lasting for 1 day.

endothermic

animals that apply metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although information technology may take arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid antecedent; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.

forest

forest biomes are dominated by copse, otherwise forest biomes tin vary widely in corporeality of precipitation and seasonality.

holarctic

a distribution that more than or less circles the Arctic, then occurring in both the Nearctic and Palearctic biogeographic regions.

Found in northern North America and northern Europe or Asia.

iteroparous

offspring are produced in more than ane group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).

motile

having the chapters to motion from ane identify to some other.

mountains

This terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered past low, tundra-like vegetation.

native range

the area in which the beast is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.

nocturnal

active during the dark

omnivore

an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals

polar

the regions of the earth that surroundings the north and due south poles, from the due north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to sixty degrees south.

polygynous

having more than than one female person equally a mate at once

scavenger

an beast that mainly eats dead animals

scent marks

communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or gustatory modality them

sedentary

remains in the same area

sexual

reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female

stores or caches food

places a food item in a special place to exist eaten later. Also called "hoarding"

tactile

uses touch to communicate

taiga

Coniferous or boreal forest, located in a band beyond northern North America, Europe, and Asia. This terrestrial biome as well occurs at high elevations. Long, cold winters and short, wet summers. Few species of trees are present; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth. Some deciduous trees also may be present.

temperate

that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and betwixt 23.five degrees S and 60 degrees S (betwixt the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).

terrestrial

Living on the ground.

tundra

A terrestrial biome with low, shrubby or mat-like vegetation establish at extremely loftier latitudes or elevations, about the limit of plant growth. Soils usually subject to permafrost. Plant diversity is typically depression and the growing season is short.

visual

uses sight to communicate

viviparous

reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female torso and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.

References

2007. "Alaska Fish and Wildlife Service" (On-line). Accessed Apr ten, 2009 at http://www.adfg.country.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolverin.php.

2005. "AnAge: The Animal Aging and Longevity Database" (On-line). Accessed Apr 09, 2009 at http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Gulo_gulo.

2009. "Encyclopedia Britannica" (On-line). Accessed April 10, 2009 at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646740/wolverine.

2006. "The Wolverine Foundation" (On-line). Accessed April eleven, 2009 at http://world wide web.wolverinefoundation.org/specacct.htm.

2008. "Us Fish and Wild fauna Service" (On-line). Accessed April 10, 2009 at http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=A0FA.

2009. "Wolverine" (On-line). Accessed April 11, 2009 at http://world wide web.wolverines-wolverines.com/.

Abramov, B., C. Wozencraft. 2008. "International Union for the Conservation of Nature 2008 Reddish Listing" (On-line). Accessed April 08, 2009 at http://world wide web.iucnredlist.org/details/9561.

Burt, W. 1948. The mammals of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Copeland, J. 1996. Biology of the wolverine in central Idaho. MSc Thesis.

Lofroth, E., J. Krebs, Due west. Harrower, D. Lewis. 2007. Nutrient habits of wolverine Gulo gulo in montane ecosystems of British Columbia, Canada. Wildlife Biological science, xiii: 13-37.

Nowak, R. 1999. Walker'due south mammals of the Globe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Pasitschniak-Arts, M., S. Lariviere. 1995. Gulo gulo. Mammalian Species, 499: 1-x.

Roel, M., A. Landa, five. Jiska, J. Linnell, R. Andersen. 2006. Affect of infrastructure on habitat selection of wolverines (Gulo gulo). Wildlife Biology September 2006 : Vol. 12, Result 3, pg(south) 285-295, Vol. 12, Issue three: 285-95.

Ruggiero, L., K. McKelvey, K. Aubry, J. Copeland, D. Pletscher. 2007. Wolverine Conservation and Direction. Journal of Wild fauna Direction, 71(7): 2145-46. Accessed Apr 10, 2009 at http://world wide web.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2193/2007-053.

Source: https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gulo_gulo/

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